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Which SQL clause is used to specify the conditions under which a record is selected?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. GROUP BY
D. HAVING
Answer: WHERE
What does the ‘HAVING’ clause do in SQL?
A. Filters data after aggregation
B. Sorts data in descending order
C. Joins two or more tables
D. Groups data based on conditions
Answer: Filters data after aggregation
What is the difference between ‘TRUNCATE’ and ‘DELETE’ in SQL?
A. TRUNCATE removes all rows without logging individual row deletions, while DELETE logs each row deletion
B. TRUNCATE removes specific rows, while DELETE removes all rows
C. TRUNCATE can be used with a WHERE clause, while DELETE cannot
D. DELETE is faster than TRUNCATE
Answer: TRUNCATE removes all rows without logging individual row deletions, while DELETE logs each row deletion
Which of the following is NOT a DML (Data Manipulation Language) operation?
A. CREATE
B. INSERT
C. UPDATE
D. DELETE
Answer: CREATE
What is the primary purpose of a ‘transaction log’ in a database?
A. To keep a record of all changes made to the data
B. To optimize query performance
C. To store backup copies of the data
D. To ensure data normalization
Answer: To keep a record of all changes made to the data
Which of the following best describes ‘normalization’ in database design?
A. The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy
B. The process of converting data into structured formats
C. The process of adding constraints to ensure data accuracy
D. The process of backing up the database
Answer: The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy
What is an ‘index’ used for in a database?
A. To improve the speed of data retrieval
B. To insert new records quickly
C. To delete records efficiently
D. To ensure data integrity
Answer: To improve the speed of data retrieval
In a database, what is the purpose of a ‘foreign key’?
A. To establish a link between two tables
B. To ensure uniqueness in a table
C. To store backup data
D. To group related data together
Answer: To establish a link between two tables
Which of the following is a widely used open-source relational database management system?
A. PostgreSQL
B. Oracle
C. DB2
D. SQL Server
Answer: PostgreSQL